HSDPA, wi-Fi

The High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) lacks two basic features of other W-CDMA channels—variable spreading factor and fast power control. Instead, it delivers the improved downlink performance using adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), fast packet scheduling at the base station, and fast retransmissions from the base station, known as hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ).
[edit] Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)

HARQ uses incremental redundancy, where user data is transmitted multiple times using different codings. When a corrupted packet is received, the user device saves it and later combines it with the retransmissions, to recover the error-free packet as efficiently as possible. Even if the retransmitted packets are corrupted, their combination can yield an error-free packet.
[edit] Fast packet scheduling

The HS-DSCH downlink channel is shared between users using channel-dependent scheduling to make the best use of available radio conditions. Each user device periodically transmits an indication of the downlink signal quality, as often as 500 times per second. Using this information from all devices, the base station decides which users will be sent data on the next 2 ms frame and how much data should be sent for each user. More data can be sent to users which report high downlink signal quality.

The amount of the channelisation code tree, and thus network bandwidth, allocated to HSDPA users is determined by the network. The allocation is "semi-static" in that it can be modified while the network is operating, but not on a frame-by-frame basis. This allocation represents a trade-off between bandwidth allocated for HSDPA users, versus that for voice and non-HSDPA data users. The allocation is in units of channelisation codes for Spreading Factor 16, of which 16 exist and up to 15 can be allocated to HSDPA. When the base station decides which users will receive data on the next frame, it also decides which channelisation codes will be used for each user. This information is sent to the user devices over one or more "scheduling channels"; these channels are not part of the HSDPA allocation previously mentioned, but are allocated separately. Thus, for a given 2 ms frame, data may be sent to a number of users simultaneously, using different channelisation codes. The maximum number of users to receive data on a given 2 ms frame is determined by the number of allocated channelisation codes. By contrast, in CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, data is sent to only one user at a time.
[edit] Adaptive modulation and coding

The modulation scheme and coding is changed on a per-user basis depending on signal quality and cell usage. The initial scheme is Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), but in good radio conditions 16QAM and 64QAM can significantly increase data throughput rates. With 5 Code allocation, QPSK typically offers up to 1.8 Mbit/s peak data rates, while 16QAM offers up to 3.6. Additional codes (e.g. 10, 15) can also be used to improve these data rates or extend the network capacity throughput significantly.
[edit] Other improvements

HSDPA is part of the UMTS standards since release 5, which also accompanies an improvement on the uplink providing a new bearer of 384 kbit/s. The previous maximum bearer was 128 kbit/s.

As well as improving data rates, HSDPA also decreases latency and so the round trip time for applications.

Along with the HS-DSCH channel, three new physical channels are also introduced: HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH and HS-PDSCH. The High Speed-Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) informs the user that data will be sent on the HS-DSCH 2 slots ahead. The Uplink High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) carries acknowledgment information and current channel quality indicator (CQI) of the user. This value is then used by the base station to calculate how much data to send to the user devices on the next transmission. The High Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) is the channel mapped to the above HS-DSCH transport channel that carries actual user data.

In later 3GPP specification releases HSPA+ increases data rates further by adding 64QAM modulation, MIMO and dual carrier (DC) operation, i.e. two 5 MHz carriers are used simultaneously.

Master cards

In 1966 a number of banks formed the Interbank Card Association (ICA). The name Master Charge was licensed by the above mentioned California banks from the First National Bank of Louisville, Kentucky in 1967. With the help of New York's Marine Midland Bank, now HSBC Bank USA, these banks joined with the ICA to create "Master Charge: The Interbank Card". The card was given a significant boost in 1969, when National City Bank joined, merging its proprietary Everything Card with Master Charge.

In 1979, "Master Charge: The Interbank Card" was renamed simply "MasterCard". In the early 1990s MasterCard bought the British Access card and the Access name was dropped. In 2002, MasterCard International merged with Europay International SA, another large credit-card issuer association, which for many years issued cards under the name Eurocard.

In 2006, MasterCard International underwent another name change to MasterCard Worldwide. This was done in order to suggest a more global scale of operations. In addition, the company introduced a new corporate logo adding a third circle to the two that had been used in the past (the familiar card logo, resembling a Venn diagram, remains unchanged). A new corporate tagline was introduced at the same time: "The Heart of Commerce".[1]

From the 1970s to the early 1990s MasterCard was known as "Carnet" (Card Network), but keeping the original MasterCard logo

World Trad Center

General

* Record of the Year
o Ken Nelson (producer & engineer/mixer), Mark Phythian (engineer/mixer) & Coldplay (producers, engineers/mixers & artists) for "Clocks"
* Album of the Year
o Carl Mo (producer), Vincent Alexander, Chris Carmouche, Terrence Cash, Kevin "KD" Davis, Reggie Dozier, John Frye, Robert Hannon, Padraic Kernin, Moka Nagatani, Pete Novak, Brian Paturalski, Neal Pogue, Dexter Simmons, Darrell Thorpe (engineers/mixers), Brian Gardner & Bernie Grundman (mastering engineers) & OutKast (producers & artists) for Speakerboxxx/The Love Below
* Song of the Year
o Richard Marx and Luther Vandross for "Dance with My Father" performed by Luther Vandross
* Best New Artist
o Evanescence

[edit] Alternative

* Best Alternative Music Album
o The White Stripes for Elephant

[edit] Blues

* Best Traditional Blues Album
o Jacquire King (engineer), Ed Cherney (engineer/mixer), Dennis Herring (producer) & Buddy Guy for Blues Singer
* Best Contemporary Blues Album
o Donto James (engineer/producer), Josh Sklair (producer), Sametto James (producer) & Etta James for Let's Roll

[edit] Children's

* Best Musical Album for Children
o Cathy Fink & Marcy Marxer for Bon Appétit!
* Best Spoken Word Album for Children
o Bill Clinton, Mikhail Gorbachev & Sophia Loren for Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf/Beintus: Wolf Tracks music performed by the Russian National Orchestra conducted by Kent Nagano

[edit] Classical

* Best Orchestral Performance
o Pierre Boulez (conductor) & the Vienna Philharmonic for Mahler: Symphony No. 3 performed by Anne Sofie von Otter, Johannes Prinz, Gerald Wirth, the Vienna Boys' Choir & the Women's Chorus of the Vienna Singverein
* Best Classical Vocal Performance
o Thomas Quasthoff & Anne Sofie von Otter for Schubert: Lieder with Orchestra performed by Thomas Quasthoff, Anne Sofie von Otter & the Chamber Orchestra of Europe conducted by Claudio Abbado
* Best Opera Recording
o Wolfram Graul (producer), Bernard Haitink (conductor), Jerry Hadley, Karita Mattila, Eva Randová, Anja Silja, Jorma Silvasti for Janáček: Jenůfa performed by the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House & Chorus & various artists
* Best Choral Performance
o Paavo Järvi (conductor), Tiia-Ester Loitme & Ants Soots (chorus masters) for Sibelius: Cantatas performed by the Ellerhein Girls' Choir, the Estonian National Male Choir & the Estonian National Symphony Orchestra
* Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)
o Mstislav Rostropovich (conductor) & Maxim Vengerov for Britten: Violin Concerto/Walton: Viola Concerto performed by Maxim Vengerov & the London Symphony Orchestra
* Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra)
o Emanuel Ax for Haydn: Piano Sonatas Nos. 29, 31, 34, 35 & 49
* Best Small Ensemble Performance (with or without conductor)
o Jeff von der Schmidt (conductor) & Southwest Chamber Music for "Chávez: Suite for Double Quartet"
* Best Chamber Music Performance
o The Kronos Quartet & Dawn Upshaw for Berg: Lyric Suite
* Best Classical Contemporary Composition
o Dominick Argento (composer) for "Argento: Casa Guidi" performed by Frederica von Stade, Eiji Oue & the Minnesota Orchestra
* Best Classical Album
o Andreas Neubronner (producer), Michael Tilson Thomas (conductor) & Michelle DeYoung for Mahler: Symphony No. 3; Kindertotenlieder performed by Michelle DeYoung, Vance George, the Pacific Boychoir, the San Francisco Girls Chorus & the San Francisco Symphony & Chorus
* Best Classical Crossover Album
o Jorge Calandrelli (conductor) & Yo-Yo Ma for Obrigado Brazil performed by various artists

[edit] Comedy

* Best Comedy Album
o "Weird Al" Yankovic for Poodle Hat

[edit] Composing and arranging

* Best Instrumental Composition
o Wayne Shorter (composer) for "Sacajawea"
* Best Instrumental Arrangement
o Michael Brecker & Gil Goldstein (arrangers) for "Timbuktu" performed by the Michael Brecker Quindectet
* Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
o Vince Mendoza (arranger) for "Woodstock" performed by Joni Mitchell

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